Hosting, bandwidth and network engineering written by the team that operates AS 25198 — unmetered capacity, peering, storage and the trade-offs behind them.
Why a flood aimed at one VPS is a flood at every guest on its node, why budget hosts answer with a null route, what DDoS protection has to mean on a VPS, what the guest still handles itself, the questions to ask a host, and when a protected VPS is enough or a dedicated server is the better buy.
When a DDoS attack is bigger than the links it arrives on, hosts null-route the target: every packet to that IP is dropped, legitimate users included. How RTBH (RFC 5635) and the BLACKHOLE community 65535:666 (RFC 7999) work, how to spot one with mtr, and what to ask your host.
Volumetric floods fill the port, SYN and ACK floods fill state tables, HTTP floods burn application CPU and carpet bombing hides under per-host alarms. A taxonomy by layer, with CISA's amplification factors, Cloudflare's 2025 attack data and the layer of defence that stops each family.
A server cannot filter a flood that has already filled its port, so protection has to sit upstream. How the filtering works, why hosts null-route unprotected IPs, always-on versus on-demand, what a 100 Gbps tier does and does not cover, how big a tier to buy and seven questions to ask any host.
A hidden primary, three secondaries in different cities and networks, TSIG-signed NOTIFY and zone transfers, a working Knot DNS config with automatic DNSSEC signing, and the dig commands that prove an authoritative DNS server answers correctly. Plus what it costs and when managed DNS wins.
Anza's Agave docs spell out what a Solana validator needs: a 2.8 GHz base clock on a recent CPU, 256 GB of RAM, separate NVMe drives for accounts and ledger, and 2 to 10 Gbps for a staked node. We check each line against real builds, show which fail, and cover the disk layout, sysctl and firewall settings.
Tier III and Tier IV describe how a building's power and cooling behave during maintenance and failure, not whether your servers stay online. What each Tier means in Uptime Institute's wording, N+1 and 2N in one example, design versus facility certificates, TIA-942, and four questions that verify a claim.
Nobody watches the hardware of a dedicated server for you. What to monitor in five layers: disks, RAID, ECC memory and IPMI sensors; space, memory, load and clock; interface errors and bond members; the service from a second location; and a minimal Prometheus and Alertmanager stack with seven alert rules.
A home connection uploads a fraction of what it downloads, and every remote Plex stream leaves through that upload. Why a data-centre port fixes it, why to design for direct play, Plex's PassMark guide to CPU sizing, the GPU and pass catch on hardware transcoding, remote streaming rules and how far 72 TB goes.
Getting data into a cloud is free; getting it out is billed by the gigabyte. AWS, Google Cloud, Azure, Oracle and R2 list rates side by side, what 10 to 300 TB a month costs, the NAT and cross-zone charges the price page hides, and the two ways out: exit waivers and flat-rate ports.
A Java Edition server runs its world on one thread with a 50 ms budget per tick, so clock speed matters more than core count. What the server uses, Java against Bedrock, which server software to run, sizing by players, three settings that beat new hardware, and when a VPS gives way to a dedicated machine.
One UDP port, a dozen lines of configuration and an encryption protocol built into the Linux kernel. From a fresh Ubuntu or Debian server to a working tunnel on a laptop and a phone, including the IPv6 leak most guides miss, split tunnelling, MTU fixes and keeping the server locked down.